Dollar diplomacy is the term applied to American foreign policy under President William Howard Taft and his secretary of state, Philander C. Knox, to ensure the financial stability of Latin American and East Asian countries, while also expanding U.S. commercial interests in those regions.
In his State of the Union Address on December 3, 1912, Taft characterized his policy as “substituting dollars for bullets.”
“It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims. It is an effort frankly directed to the increase of American trade upon the axiomatic principle that the government of the United States shall extend all proper support to every legitimate and beneficial American enterprise abroad.”
Taft’s critics picked his “substituting dollars for bullets” phrase and converted it into “dollar diplomacy,” a highly uncomplimentary term to describe Taft’s dealings with other countries. Taft’s actions intended to encourage U.S. business, especially in the Caribbean, where he believed an influx of U.S. investments would help stabilize the shaky governments of the region, came in for the sharpest criticism.
In his final message to Congress on December 3, 1912, Taft looked back at the foreign policy followed by the United States during his administration and noted: “The diplomacy of the present administration has sought to respond to modern ideas of commercial intercourse. This policy has been characterized as substituting dollars for bullets. It is one that appeals alike to idealistic humanitarian sentiments, to the dictates of sound policy and strategy, and to legitimate commercial aims.”
Despite some successes, dollar diplomacy failed to prevent economic instability and revolution in countries like Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and China. Today the term is used disparagingly to refer to the reckless manipulation of foreign affairs for protectionist financial purposes.
Key Takeaways
- Dollar diplomacy refers to the U.S. foreign policy created by President William Howard Taft and Secretary of State Philander C. Knox in 1912.
- Dollar Diplomacy sought to bolster the struggling economies of Latin American and East Asian countries while also expanding U.S. commercial interests in those regions.
- U.S. interference in Nicaragua, China, and Mexico in order to protect American interests are examples of dollar diplomacy in action.
- Despite some successes, dollar diplomacy failed to achieve its goals, resulting in the term being used negatively today.
American Foreign Policy in the Early 1900s
During the early 1900s, the U.S. government largely abandoned its isolationist policies of the 1800s in favor of using its growing military and economic power to pursue its foreign policy goals. In the 1899 Spanish-American War, the U.S. took control of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico and the Philippines, and also increased its influence over Cuba.
Taking office in 1901, President Theodore Roosevelt saw no conflict between what his critics called American imperialism and demands by political progressives for social reform at home. In fact, to Roosevelt, control of new colonies represented a way to advance the American progressive agenda throughout the Western Hemisphere.
In 1901, Roosevelt moved to build—and control—the Panama Canal. To gain control of needed land, Roosevelt supported an “independence movement” in Panama resulting in the reorganization of the government under a pro-canal American sympathizer.
In 1904, the Dominican Republic was unable to pay back loans from several European countries. To prevent possible European military action, Roosevelt toughened the Monroe Doctrine of 1824 with his “Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine,” which stated that the United States would use military force in order to restore order, stability, and economic prosperity in other nations of the Western Hemisphere. Along with weakening European influence in Latin America, Roosevelt’s corollary further established the U.S. as the world’s “policeman.”
Roosevelt’s foreign policy of “confident intervention” was not limited to Latin America. In 1905, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for leading negotiations that ended the first Russo-Japanese War. Despite these apparent successes, the backlash from the anti-American violence of the Philippine-American War drove Roosevelt’s progressive critics to oppose U.S. military intervention in foreign affairs.
Taft Introduces His Dollar Diplomacy
In 1910, President Taft’s first year in office, the Mexican Revolution threatened U.S. business interests. It was in this atmosphere that Taft—with less of Roosevelt’s militaristic “carry a big stick” bluster, proposed his “dollar diplomacy” in an attempt to protect U.S. corporate interests around the globe.
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Nicaragua
While he stressed peaceful intervention, Taft did not hesitate to use military force when a Central American nation resisted his dollar diplomacy. When Nicaraguan rebels attempted to overthrow the American-friendly government of President Adolfo Díaz, Taft sent warships carrying 2,000 U.S. Marines to the region to put down the insurrection. The rebellion was suppressed, its leaders were deported, and a contingent of Marines remained in Nicaragua until 1925 to “stabilize” the government.
Mexico
In 1912, Mexico planned to allow Japanese corporations to purchase land in the Mexican state of Baja California, which included Magdalena Bay. Fearing that Japan might use Magdalena Bay as a naval base, Taft objected. U.S. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge secured passage of the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the U.S. would prevent any foreign government—or business—from acquiring territory anywhere in the Western Hemisphere that might give that government “practical power of control.” Faced with the Lodge Corollary, Mexico abandoned its plans.
China
Taft then tried to help China withstand Japan’s increasing military presence. At first, he succeeded by helping China secure international loans to expand its railroad system. However, when he tried to help American businesses become involved in Manchuria, Japan and Russia—having won shared control of the area in the Russo-Japanese War—were outraged and Taft’s plan collapsed. This failure of dollar diplomacy exposed the limitations of the U.S. government’s global influence and knowledge of international diplomacy.
Impact and Legacy
While it was less dependent on military intervention than Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy, Taft’s dollar diplomacy did the United States more harm than good. Still plagued by foreign debt, the Central American countries came to resent U.S. interference, fostering anti-American nationalist movements. In Asia, Taft’s failure to resolve the conflict between China and Japan over Manchuria further heightened tensions between Japan and the United States, while allowing Japan to build its military power throughout the region.
Aware of the failure of the dollar diplomacy, the Taft administration had abandoned it by the time President Woodrow Wilson, took office in March 1913. While he attempted to maintain U.S. supremacy in Central America, Wilson repudiated dollar diplomacy, replacing it with his “moral diplomacy,” which offered U.S. support only to countries that shared American ideals.
Sources and Further Reference
- “Dollar Diplomacy, 1909-1913.” U.S. Department of State.
- Langley, Lester D. “.”The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean, 1898–1934 Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (2001).
- Beede, Benjamin. “The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898 to 1934.” p. 376. Books.google.com.
- Bailey, Thomas A. (1933). “.”The Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine The Academy of Political Science
